Why Ice Floats
Ice floats because it is lighter than water. Not lighter
in total — lighter for the same amount of space.
When water freezes, its tiny parts spread apart. They lock
into a pattern with gaps inside. Those gaps make ice take
up more room.
More room, same stuff. So ice is less dense.
Anything less dense than water floats on it.
Think of a packed schoolbag and a loose one.
Same books, more space.
Key Points
- Freezing makes water take up more room.
- Less density means it floats.
Why Ice Floats on Water
Water is one of very few substances whose solid form is
less dense than its liquid form,
and that anomaly is the entire answer.
The hydrogen bond
In liquid water, molecules are held by
hydrogen bonds that constantly
break and re-form, letting molecules pack closely. On
freezing, each molecule bonds to four others in a fixed
tetrahedral lattice — an open
structure with hollow space built into it.
ρice = 917 kg m⁻³ < ρwater = 1000 kg m⁻³
By Archimedes' principle the ice
sinks only until it displaces its own weight — which is
why roughly 92% of an iceberg sits below the surface.
Key Points
- The open lattice lowers density on freezing.
- Lower density plus buoyancy gives flotation.
Ice Floats on Water — NEET
Answer (C) — ice has an open hydrogen-bonded structure of lower density
Each H₂O molecule in ice forms four
hydrogen bonds in a tetrahedral
arrangement, producing hexagonal voids. Density falls to
917 kg m⁻³ against 1000 kg m⁻³ for liquid water.
Why the others fail
- (A) "Ice is lighter" — mass is not density. Classic trap.
- (B) Surface tension holds insects, not icebergs.
- (D) Air pockets occur in some ice, but are not the cause.
Trap: the question rewards density, not weight.
NCERT Class 11, Chemistry, Unit 9.